For high frequency analogue or digital circuits, it is essential to protect the signals that propagate on the PCB from being damaged. In fact, signals above 100Mhz are impacted by trace impedance which, if not properly taken into account, can cause unexpected errors that are especially difficult to analyse. Luckily, impedance control allows designers and PCB manufacturers to manage the phenomenon....

Testing the layer offset with X-ray technology is very important in the manufacture of multilayer circuit boards. X-ray images are the best (and only) way to identify and correct layer displacements in the pressing process. Drill holes in multilayer circuit boards are also optimized using X-ray images. Any minor deviations in the geometry of the circuit board image compared to the geometry of the...

The electrical test (E-Test) for circuit boards is performed after manufacture. Your circuit boards are checked with a flying probe, or for larger series using an adapter E-Test. The layout is analysed according to the net list (from the Gerber data) for short circuits and interruptions. This is enormously important, because only the E-test detects incorrect and broken conductors. Without E-test t...

The A.O.I. test verifies the finished conductor trace image for deviations from the Gerber data and finds errors that the E-Test may not discover, such as (for example) narrowed, but still unbroken conductor traces. The A.O.I. test is especially important for the following application areas High frequency High power loads High data transmission rates Op-amps with high amplification factors and inp...